Seal support disk and assembly

ABSTRACT

An assembly for a gas turbine engine includes a first module, a second module interconnected with the first module, a first gas turbine component, and a seal assembly. The first gas turbine component includes a body extending generally radially between an inner mounting portion and an outer seal carrier portion. The inner mounting portion is fastened to the first module such that the first gas turbine component forms a boundary between a first annular cavity in the first module, and a second annular cavity in the second module. The seal assembly is mounted to the seal carrier portion of the first gas turbine component, and includes a flow diverter assembly having a flow diverter and a finger seal commonly fastened to a first axial side of the seal carrier portion.

BACKGROUND

The described subject matter relates to gas turbine engines, and more particularly to seals within gas turbine engines.

Gas turbine engines operate according to a continuous-flow, Brayton cycle. A compressor section pressurizes an ambient air stream, fuel is added and the mixture is burned in a central combustor section. The combustion products expand through a turbine section where bladed rotors convert thermal energy from the combustion products into mechanical energy for rotating one or more centrally mounted shafts. The shafts, in turn, drive the forward compressor section, thus continuing the cycle. Gas turbine engines are compact and powerful power plants, making them suitable for powering aircraft, heavy equipment, ships and electrical power generators. In power generating applications, the combustion products can also drive a separate power turbine attached to an electrical generator.

Seals are required in many locations within a gas turbine engine to regulate air flow to various portions of the engine. From time to time these seals may become damaged, fail or provide for inadequate sealing. This can result in the undesirable heating of engine components.

SUMMARY

An assembly for a gas turbine engine includes a first module, a second module interconnected with the first module, and a first gas turbine component. The first gas turbine component includes a body extending generally radially between an inner mounting portion and an outer seal carrier portion. The inner mounting portion is fastened to the first module such that the first gas turbine component forms a boundary between a first annular cavity in the first module, and a second annular cavity in the second module.

A seal support assembly comprises a seal support disk and a flow diverter assembly. The seal support disk includes a radially inner mounting portion and a radially outer seal carrier portion. The mounting portion includes a snap ring and a first fastenable flange. The flow diverter assembly is secured around a first axial side of the seal carrier portion and includes a finger seal having a fixed end fastened between a flow diverter and the first axial side of the seal carrier portion, and includes a finger seal having a fixed end fastened between a flow diverter element and the first axial side of the seal carrier portion.

A seal support element comprises a seal support disk, a mounting portion formed around an inner diameter of the disk, and a seal carrier formed around an outer diameter of the disk. The seal carrier includes a radial flange with a first axial side, and a recess formed into the first axial side radially inward from the flange.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a partial cross-sectional view of an exemplary gas turbine engine.

FIG. 2 is a cross-section of an assembly including a finger seal, a flow diverter, and a labyrinth seal.

FIG. 3A is an enlarged cross-section of the assembly of FIG. 2 including the finger seal, the flow diverter, and the labyrinth seal.

FIG. 3B is a perspective sectional view showing the finger seal, the flow diverter, and the labyrinth seal.

FIG. 4A isometrically shows a flow divider element.

FIG. 4B depicts a flow divider assembly with a finger seal fastened to the flow divider element of FIG. 4A.

FIG. 5A isometrically depicts a seal support disk.

FIG. 5B shows a flow divider assembly fastened to an outer diameter of the seal support disk.

FIG. 5C shows an inner diameter of the seal support disk mounted to a frame.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

A seal support disk packages several seals as well as a flow diverter for a gas turbine engine. The disk also includes mounting features to allow the seal assembly to be pre-assembled and quickly secured to or removed from a gas turbine module such as a frame for a turbine exhaust case.

An exemplary industrial gas turbine engine 10 is circumferentially disposed about a central, longitudinal axis or axial engine centerline axis 12 as illustrated in FIG. 1. The engine 10 includes in series order from front to rear, low and high pressure compressor sections 16 and 18, a central combustor section 20 and high and low pressure turbine sections 22 and 24. In some examples, a free turbine section 26 is disposed aft of the low pressure turbine 24. Although illustrated with reference to an industrial gas turbine engine, this application also extends to aero engines with a fan or gear driven fan, and engines with more or fewer sections than illustrated.

As is well known in the art of gas turbines, incoming ambient air 30 becomes pressurized air 32 in compressors 16 and 18. Fuel mixes with pressurized air 32 in the combustor section 20, where it is burned to produce combustion gases 34 that expand as they flow through turbine sections 22, 24 and power turbine 26. Turbine sections 22 and 24 drive high and low pressure rotor shafts 36 and 38 respectively, which rotate in response to the combustion products and thus the attached compressor sections 18, 16. Free turbine section 26 may, for example, drive an electrical generator, pump, or gearbox (not shown).

It is understood that FIG. 1 provides a basic understanding and overview of the various sections and the basic operation of an industrial gas turbine engine. It will become apparent to those skilled in the art that the present application is applicable to all types of gas turbine engines, including those with aerospace applications. Turbine assembly 40 also includes turbine exhaust case (TEC) assembly 42. As shown in FIG. 1, TEC assembly 42 can be disposed axially between low pressure turbine section 24 and power turbine 26. TEC assembly 42 is described in more detail below.

FIG. 2 shows first module 42 and second module 44 interconnected by fasteners 45. First module 42 is only partially illustrated in FIG. 2 and includes frame 46 and fairing assembly 48. Second module 44 includes an outer radial casing 47, stator vane 50, vane platform 51, rotor blade 52, and rotor disk 53. Frame 46 includes outer radial casing 54, inner radial platform 56, and struts 58. Fairing assembly 48 includes an outer fairing platform 60, inner fairing platform 62, and strut liners 64. Assembly 66 is disposed radially inward of main engine gas flow passage 68. First module 42 additionally includes seal support 67 and first cavity 70. Second cavity 72 is disposed between rotor disk 53 and first module 42 and third cavity 74 is formed between vane platform 51, seal support 67, and inner radial platform 62 of fairing 48.

First module 42 comprises a portion of gas turbine engine 10 (FIG. 1), and therefore, can form portions of compressor sections 16 and 18 or turbine sections 22 and 24. First module 42 includes various components including outer radial casing 54, frame 46, and fairing 48. Second module 44 is connected to first module 42 via fasteners 45 such that modules 42 and 44 abut along outer casings 54 and 47. Second module 44 additionally houses stator vane 50, vane platform 51, rotor blade 52, and rotor disk 53 therein. As shown in the embodiment of FIG. 2, vane 50 and blade 52 are disposed downstream of frame 46 and fairing 48 with respect to the direction of flow of combustion gases 34 along main engine gas flow passage 68.

For simplicity, this particular example is described with reference to turbine exhaust case (TEC) assembly 42 being a first turbine module. However, it will be appreciated that the first module can comprises any suitable turbine module of gas turbine engine 10 such as compressor sections 16, 18 or turbine sections 22, 24. Second module 44 can similarly be a module secured downstream of TEC assembly 42 such as but not limited to power turbine 26.

In the embodiment shown, TEC assembly 42 includes frame 46 which extends axially along and generally radially through main engine gas flow passage 68. Outer radial casing 54 is connected to inner radial platform 56 by struts 58 (only one is shown in FIG. 2). Seal support 67 extends generally radially outward from inner radial platform 56 to adjacent fairing 48. Fairing 48 is affixed to frame 46 and is adapted to be disposed within frame 46 radially inward of outer radial casing 54 and radially outward of inner radial platform 56. Strut liners 64 are adapted to be disposed around struts 58.

Outer radial platform 60 of fairing 48 has a generally conical shape. Similarly, inner radial platform 62 has a generally conical shape. Inner radial platform 62 is spaced from outer radial platform 60 by strut liners 64. Outer radial platform 60, inner radial platform 62, and strut liners 64, form a portion of main engine gas flow passage 68 of gas turbine engine 10 when assembled. Gases such as combustion gases 34 pass through main engine gas flow passage 68 during operation.

Similar to TEC assembly 42, second module 44 includes various components such as outer radial casing 47, stator vane 50, vane platform 51, rotor blade 52, and rotor disk 53. Vane 50 and vane platform 51 are stator components, and platform 51 forms an inner radial edge of main engine gas flow passage 68. Vane platform 51 extends radially inward of main engine gas flow passage 68 to interconnect with and support portions of assembly 66. Rotor disk 53 is disposed radially inward of main engine gas flow passage 68 and is disposed adjacent portions of assembly 66.

As will be discussed subsequently, assembly 66 includes up to three seals and a flow diverter. The first seal and flow diverter can be mounted to one axial side of seal support 67 (mounted to TEC assembly 42). The second seal component can be secured to an axially adjacent turbine module such as second module 44. The third optional seal is disposed on a second axial side of seal support 67 opposite the first seal and the flow diverter.

Seal assembly 66 is located at a radial distance inward from inner radial platform 62 of fairing 48 as well as from main engine gas flow passage 68. Assembly 66 is disposed between first cavity 70, second cavity 72 and third cavity 74. During operation, assembly 66 acts to limit a secondary and leakage gas flows between these cavities.

FIGS. 3A and 3B show a cross-section of gas turbine engine 10 (FIG. 1) with assembly 66 mounted radially inward of main engine gas flow passage 68. In addition to fairing 48, vane 50, vane platform 51, rotor disk 53, inner platform 62, seal support 67, first cavity 70, second cavity 72, and third cavity 74, FIGS. 3A and 3B illustrate various components of assembly 66 including finger seal 76, fastener 78, flow diverter 80, and labyrinth seal 82. Labyrinth seal 82 includes land 84 and knife edges 85. Land 84 includes abradable portion 86 such as honeycomb. Knife edges 85 are formed from mini-disk 88. Fourth cavity 89 is formed between finger seal 76 and flow diverter 80. Fifth cavity 90 is formed between rotor disk 53, assembly 66, and vane platform 51.

Assembly 66 limits secondary gas flow from third cavity 74 to second cavity 72. Similarly, assembly 66 limits a leakage gas flow from second cavity 72 to third cavity 74. Assembly 66 can also limit secondary flow between first cavity 70 and second cavity 72. Assembly 66 allows for mixing of the secondary gas flow and leakage gas flow and releases the mixed gas flow back to main engine gas flow passage 68. Assembly 66 makes interfaces between cavities 72 and 74 more robust and less susceptible to unwanted leakage between the cavities 72 and 74. Additionally, assembly 66 provides for a backup seal function in case a portion of assembly 66 becomes damaged or loses functionality. The backup seal function that assembly 66 provides is more durable and cost effective than other backup seal alternatives known in the art.

As shown in FIGS. 3A and 3B various secondary gas flows 92, 94, 96, 98, 100, and 102 can travel between and within cavities 70, 72, 74, 89, and 90. For the purpose of this application, secondary gas flow means any gas flow that is not traveling along main engine gas flow passage 68. As combustion gases 34 travel along main engine gas flow passage 68, a portion of this flow, comprising secondary gas flow 92 of ingestion gas, can pass radially inward of main engine gas flow passage 68 through a gap aft of inner radial platform 62 and forward of vane platform 51. Due to pressure differentials, secondary gas flow 92 enters third cavity 74 where in some instances it is mixed with secondary gas flow 94 comprised of module leakage gas from first cavity 70 to become mixed secondary gas flow 96. In some instances this mixed secondary gas flow 96 can pass across finger seal 76 as indicated by arrow 98. Secondary gas flow 98 is combined and mixed with secondary gas flow 100 (comprised of relatively cooler leakage gas from a rotor cavity such as second cavity 72). The mixed secondary gas flow 102, comprising a mixture of ingestion gas, module leakage gas and/or leakage gas from a rotor cavity, travels back to main engine gas flow passage 68 through labyrinth seal 82 and cavity 90.

In certain embodiments, a volume of secondary gas flow 94 leaving first cavity 70 can be reduced by the addition of optional W-seal 104. W-seal 104 can be resiliently retained against a W-seal land 106 or other surface formed on an axially facing side of seal support 67. In this example, W-seal 104 is disposed in gap 108 between W-seal land 106 and projection 109 extending from a radially inner side of inner fairing platform 62.

W-seal 104 can reduce the volume of secondary flow reaching finger seal 76 from first cavity 70. In this example, finger seal 76 is mounted to seal support 67 at least in part by fastener 78. Finger seal 76 cantilevers to contact and be deflected by an outer radial surface of land 84. Flow diverter 80 is disposed adjacent finger seal 76 radially inward thereof and can also be mounted to seal support 67 at least in part by fastener 78. In other embodiments, finger seal 76 and flow diverter 80 can be additionally and/or alternatively mounted to seal support 67 by other suitable means such as welds, snap rings, rivets, and/or clamps.

As shown in FIG. 3B, flow diverter 80 comprises a full ring and extends away from seal support 67 toward labyrinth seal 82. Flow diverter 80 is positioned to separate fourth cavity 89 from second cavity 72. Flow diverter 80 is spaced from abradable portion 86 of land 84 by a gap G. Thus, flow diverter 80 is disposed so as not to make contact with land 84. Instead, gap G allows for a flow path for secondary gas flow 98 to be directed along an inner radial surface of land 84. In this manner, flow diverter 80 acts to direct secondary gas flow 98 away from second cavity 72 and through labyrinth seal 82. Flow diverter 80 also acts to direct secondary gas flow 100 away from finger seal 76.

Labyrinth seal 82 is comprised of land 84 and knife edges 85 formed from mini-disk 88. Mini-disk 88 is mounted to rotor disk 53 such that knife edges 85 are disposed in close proximity to (or in contact with) abradable portion 86 of land 84. Mixed secondary gas flow 102 passes between land 84 and knife edges 85, around land 84 and rotor disk 53 to fifth cavity 90. From fifth cavity 90 secondary gas flow 102 travels to main engine gas flow passage 68.

The combination of the flow diverter finger seals and W-seal(s) makes interfaces between cavities within the gas turbine engine more robust and less susceptible to unwanted leakage. Additionally, the flow diverter provides for a backup seal function if the finger seal becomes damaged or loses functionality.

FIG. 4A shows an example embodiment of flow diverter 80. FIG. 4B is a cross-section of flow diverter assembly 110 which includes flow diverter 80 and finger seal 76. FIGS. 4A and 4B also show flow diverter mounting portion 111, flow diverter arm 112, finger seal fixed end 114, finger seal free end 116, flow diverter snap ring 118 flow diverter radial flange 120, flow diverter mounting junction 122, fasteners 124, and fastener holes 126.

As was shown in FIGS. 2-3B, gas turbine engine 10 includes fairings 48 extending generally axially through a portion of engine 10, namely through frame 46 of TEC assembly 42. Fairings 48 include several segments 60, 62, 64 which define a portion of main gas flow passage 68 upstream of second module 44 (includes vane 50 and rotor blade 52). Flow diverter assembly 110 can be secured to a first turbine component such as seal support 67 so that the first turbine component retains flow diverter 80 and finger seal 76 radially inward of fairing inner platform 62. Also shown in FIGS. 2-3B, a second component such as labyrinth seal 82 is disposed axially adjacent to seal support 67, with a free end of finger seal 76 contacting a non-abradable surface of labyrinth seal land 84 attached to vane platform 51.

FIGS. 4A and 4B show details of flow diverter 80 including mounting portion 111 and arm 112. Mounting portion 111 is adapted to secure flow diverter 80 to seal support 67 (shown in FIGS. 2-3B), while arm 112 extends in a generally axial direction from mounting portion 110 toward a second component (e.g., labyrinth seal 82 shown in FIGS. 2-3B). Finger seal 76 includes fixed end 114 and free end 116. Finger seal fixed end 114 can be secured between flow diverter mounting portion 110 and a first component (e.g. seal support 67 shown in FIGS. 5A-5B).

Flow diverter mounting portion 111 can include snap ring 118 received by a recess (shown in FIGS. 5A-5B) formed on seal support 67. Mounting portion 110 can also include fastenable radial flange 120 adapted to further secure flow divider 80 to a radial surface of seal support ring 67 (also shown in FIGS. 5A-5B). Flange 120 operates as a backing ring for finger seal 76 to control thermal growth. Arm 112 can be adapted to operate as a backup seal in the event of failure of finger seal 76. In certain embodiments, arm 112 extends generally axially from junction 122 of snap ring 118 and radial flange 120.

This combination of an interference fit and a flange allows fixed end 114 of finger seal 76 to be commonly fastened using a plurality of circumferentially distributed fasteners 124 for removably securing both flow diverter 80 and a fixed end 114 of finger seal 76 to seal support 67 (shown in FIGS. 5A-5B). Finger seal fixed end 114 can be attached between radial flange 120 and the radial surface of seal support 67. The use of standard bolt fasteners and interference fits for attaching flow divider 80 improves both ease of assembly and repairability, particularly for these and other intermodule sealing components.

Referring back to FIGS. 2-3B, labyrinth seal 82 can be located downstream of seal support 67 and flow diverter assembly 110 with respect to a flow direction 34 through fairing assembly 48. As such, flow diverter arm 112 can be adapted to direct a leakage gas flow from a rotor cavity (e.g. rotor cavity 72) away from finger seal 76. In certain embodiments, radially extending seal support 67 can be secured directly to engine frame 42, such as at the inner frame platform 56 as shown in FIG. 5C.

FIGS. 5A-5C show multiple detailed views of an example embodiment of seal support 67. FIG. 5A is an isometric view of seal support 67 which includes a generally disk-shaped body 130 extending radially between inner mounting portion 132 and outer seal carrier portion 134.

Inner mounting portion 132 can be fastened to a turbine module (e.g., TEC assembly 42 shown in FIGS. 2-3B) such that seal support 67 forms a boundary between adjacent cavities (e.g. between first annular cavity 70 in TEC assembly 42, and second annular cavity 72 in second module 44 also shown in FIGS. 2-3B). In this example, body 130 has a slight axial angle to account for the slightly different axial positioning of fairing 48 relative to frame 46 (See, e.g., FIG. 2). As shown in FIG. 5B, seal carrier portion 134 can be adapted to receive flow diverter assembly 110 around an outer diameter of disk-shaped body 130.

FIG. 5B shows flow diverter assembly 110 mounted to seal carrier portion 134 formed around an outer diameter of seal support body 130. FIG. 5B also includes seal carrier first axial side 138, second axial side 140, seal carrier recess 141, axial land portion 142, and radial land portion 144.

First axial side 138 can be adapted to receive flow diverter 80 and finger seal 76, while second axial side 140 includes a seal land adapted to resiliently retain a W-seal (e.g., W-seal 104 shown in FIGS. 3A-3B). First axial side 138 of seal carrier portion 134 can include recess 141 adapted to receive a snap ring (e.g. snap ring 118 of flow diverter 80) which can create an interference fit between support disk mounting portion 111 and inner frame portion 56 (shown in FIGS. 3A-3B). Flow diverter assembly 110 can include flow diverter 80 and finger seal 76 commonly fastened around first axial side 138 of seal carrier portion 134. Finger seal fixed end 114 is fastened between flow diverter 76 and first axial side 138 of seal carrier portion 134. As was shown in FIGS. 2-3B, seal carrier 67 can be adapted to retain flow diverter 80 and finger seal 76 (flow diverter assembly 110) at a location radially inward from fairing assembly 48, which extends generally axially through TEC assembly 42 to define main gas flow passage 68.

W-seal land 106 can be formed on second axial side 140 (opposite first axial side 138) of seal carrier portion 134. As shown in FIGS. 2-3B, seal assembly 66 can also include optional W-seal 104 resiliently retained against W-seal land 106 in gap 108. Axial land portion 142 and radial land portion 144 define two sides of gap 108 (also shown in FIGS. 2-3B) between first cavity 70 and third cavity 74. The remaining two sides of gap 108 can be defined by fairing projection 109 (shown in FIGS. 3A-3B).

FIG. 5C shows inner diameter mounting portion 132 of seal support disk 67 mounted to inner frame portion 56 of TEC assembly 42. In one example, TEC assembly frame 46 can be a steel frame for a turbine exhaust case (TEC) assembly adapted to be assembled between two adjacent turbine modules for a gas turbine engine. In this example, the TEC assembly can be installed between low pressure turbine module 24 and power turbine module 26 shown in FIG. 1. In other examples, TEC assembly 42 can include a steel or superalloy frame, and be located between an intermediate pressure or high pressure turbine module, and a low pressure turbine module.

As seen in FIG. 5C, mounting portion 132 of seal support disk 67 comprises snap ring 150 and fastenable flange 152 adapted to receive fasteners or other standard removable fasteners through holes 154 for removably securing seal support disk 67 to TEC assembly 42. This configuration allows seal support disk 67, flow diverter 80, and finger seal 76 to be replaceable as a single unit. Seal support disk 67 can be heated around its inner diameter and snapped to frame 46 (shown in FIG. 2), while finger seal free end 116 can be installed so that it contacts a non-abradable surface of labyrinth seal 82 (also shown in FIG. 2). Combining several elements into seal support disk 67 simplifies manufacture, assembly, and repairs. Multiple seals can be secured to embodiments of support disk via snap on fittings and standard fasteners allowing for preassembly and quick removal as a single assembly, and can be adapted to control secondary air flows for distributing cooling air. They also allow for simple repair and replacement of individual parts.

While the invention has been described with reference to an exemplary embodiment(s), it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes may be made and equivalents may be substituted for elements thereof without departing from the scope of the invention. In addition, many modifications may be made to adapt a particular situation or material to the teachings of the invention without departing from the essential scope thereof. Therefore, it is intended that the invention not be limited to the particular embodiment(s) disclosed, but that the invention will include all embodiments falling within the scope of the appended claims. 

1. An assembly for a gas turbine engine, comprising: a first module including a first annular cavity; a second module including a second annular cavity, the second module interconnected with the first module; and a first gas turbine component including a body extending generally radially between an inner mounting portion and an outer seal carrier portion, the inner mounting portion fastened to the first module such that the first gas turbine component forms a boundary between a first annular cavity in the first module, and a second annular cavity in the second module.
 2. The assembly of claim 1, further comprising: a seal assembly mounted to the seal carrier portion of the first gas turbine component, the seal assembly including a flow diverter assembly having a flow diverter and a finger seal commonly fastened to a first axial side of the seal carrier portion.
 3. The assembly of claim 2, wherein the first gas turbine component retains the seal assembly at a location radially inward from a fairing assembly defining a main gas flow passage through the first module.
 4. The assembly of claim 3, further comprising a W-seal resiliently retained against a land formed on a second axial side of the seal carrier portion, opposite the seal assembly.
 5. The assembly of claim 4, wherein the W-seal is resiliently retained by an external surface of the fairing assembly.
 6. The assembly of claim 1, wherein the first module comprises a turbine exhaust case assembly, and the first gas turbine component comprises a seal support disk.
 7. The assembly of claim 6, wherein an inner diameter of the seal support disk is mounted to an inner frame portion of the turbine exhaust case assembly.
 8. The assembly of claim 2, wherein the finger seal includes a fixed end and a free end, the fixed end fastened between the flow divider and the seal carrier portion, and the free end contacting a surface of a second gas turbine component.
 9. The assembly of claim 8, wherein the second gas turbine component comprises a labyrinth seal.
 10. The assembly of claim 1, wherein the first module comprises a turbine exhaust case assembly, and the second module comprises a power turbine assembly.
 11. A seal assembly for a gas turbine engine, the seal assembly comprising: a seal support disk including a radially inner mounting portion and a radially outer seal carrier portion, the mounting portion including a snap ring and a first fastenable flange; and a flow diverter assembly secured around a first axial side of the seal carrier portion, the flow diverter assembly including a finger seal having a fixed end fastened between a flow diverter element and the first axial side of the seal carrier portion.
 12. The seal assembly of claim 11, further comprising a W-seal resiliently retaining against a seal land disposed on a second axial side of the seal carrier portion opposite the first axial side.
 13. The seal assembly of claim 11, wherein the mounting portion of the seal support disk comprises a snap ring and second fastenable flange for fastening the seal support disk to a surface of a gas turbine engine frame section.
 14. The seal support assembly of claim 13, wherein the frame section includes an inner frame hub for a turbine exhaust case.
 15. The seal support assembly of claim 11, further comprising a finger seal, wherein the seal support disk, the flow diverter, and a finger seal can be installed or removed as a single unit from the frame section surface.
 16. A seal support element comprising: a seal support disk; a mounting portion formed around an inner diameter of the disk; and a seal carrier formed around an outer diameter of the disk, the seal carrier including a radial flange with a first axial side, and a recess formed into the first axial side radially inward from the flange.
 17. The seal support element of claim 16, further comprising a W-seal land, the W-seal land having a radial portion including a second axial side of the radial flange, and an axial portion perpendicular to the radial portion.
 18. The seal support element of claim 16, wherein the mounting portion of the seal support disk comprises a snap ring and a boltable flange for removably securing the seal support disk to an inner frame portion of a turbine exhaust case. 